Projeto ARTICULADOR: protocolo de atendimento psicoeducativo em manejo de dor baseado em hipnose ericksoniana e visualização guiada / ARTICULATOR Project: protocol of psychoeducational care in pain management based on ericksonian hypnosis and visualization guided

Introdução: A dor é uma experiência essencialmente subjetiva e multifatorial cujo manejo e o tratamento devem considerar os aspectos afetivos, sensoriais, autonômicos e comportamentais associados. Nessa perspectiva, a Área de Controle e Tratamento da Dor (ARDOR) do Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia Jamil Andrade (INTO) identificou a necessidade de atualizar seu modus operandi mediante ao esgotamento do modelo assistencial vigente frente aos desafios da contemporaneidade. No rastro dessa mudança, os psicólogos atuantes na ARDOR são convidados a reinventar seu próprio modo de intervenção, articulando novas técnicas, processos e ações. Objetivos: O objetivo desta pesquisa é propor um novo protocolo assistencial em Saúde Mental na Clínica da Dor baseado na hipnose ericksoniana e na visualização guiada, associadas a práticas grupais e ações estratégicas de gerenciamento. O novo protocolo de atendimento está centrado em grupos psicoeducativos fechados, focais e breves, orientados para o manejo e enfrentamento da dor. Método: Buscou-se averiguar as evidências de eficácia da hipnose quanto ao manejo de dor através da elaboração de uma revisão sistemática da literatura e análise dos resultados obtidos de um estudo piloto com pacientes da clínica da dor. Ambos os estudos ­ teórico e prático ­ corroboraram para a elaboração do protocolo. Resultados: As evidências obtidas tanto na revisão sistemática quanto análise dos resultados do ensaio piloto apontaram a hipnose como sendo eficaz em pelo menos um aspecto no manejo da dor (redução da interferência, qualidade ou intensidade da dor). A catastrofização mostrou-se uma variável interveniente com um expressivo viés em alguns resultados, por isso foi incluída no protocolo. Conclusão: Enquanto práticas integrativas, a hipnose e a visualização guiada são técnicas eficazes no manejo da dor, sendo de fácil aplicação, podendo ser aprendida e transmitida adiante pelos pacientes. Este protocolo é passível de ser reproduzido em outras instituições. Recomenda-se que seja utilizado por profissional de saúde treinado e com experiência no trabalho com práticas integrativas

Introduction: Pain is an essentially subjective and multifactorial experience whose management and treatment must consider the associated affective, sensory, autonomic and behavioral aspects. In this perspective, the Pain Control and Treatment Area (ARDOR) of National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics Jamil Andrade (INTO) identified the need to update its modus operandi by exhausting the current care model in the face of contemporary challenges. In the wake of this change, the psychologists working at ARDOR are invited to reinvent their own way of intervention, articulating new techniques, processes and actions. Objectives: The objective of this research is to propose a new mental health care protocol at Clínica da Dor based on Ericksonian hypnosis and guided visualization, associated with group practices and strategic management actions. The new care protocol is centered on closed, focal and brief psychoeducational groups, oriented to the management and coping of pain. Method: We sought to investigate the evidence of the effectiveness of hypnosis in pain management through the development of a systematic review of the literature and analysis of the results obtained from a pilot study with patients in the pain clinic. Both studies - theoretical and practical - supported the preparation of the protocol. Results: The evidence obtained both in the systematic review and analysis of the results of the pilot project pointed out hypnosis as being effective in at least one aspect in pain management (reduction of interference, quality or intensity of pain). Catastrophization proved to be an intervening variable with a significant bias in some results, so it was included in the protocol. Conclusion: As an integrative practice, hypnosis and guided visualization are effective techniques for pain management, being easy to apply and can be learned and transmitted by patients. This protocol is capable of being reproduced in other institutions. it is recommended to be used by a trained health professional with experience working with integrative practices

Conveying hypertension message: An investigation into the language and content used in primary health clinics in South Africa

Background: Hypertension is a global health burden affecting developed and developing countries, and South Africa is no exception. Aim: This article aims to highlight the language and content used in health education on hypertension in primary healthcare (PHC) by health promoters and in pamphlets. Methods: The study design was quantitative descriptive. The population comprised a purposive selected sample of 12 health promoters in 12 PHC clinics and 50 pamphlets relating to health education on hypertension. An audio recorder was used to record health education provided by health promoters. Quantitative content analysis and frequency distribution was used to analyse the data. Results: The health promoters used various South African languages mixed with English (code switching). Patients were taught about lifestyle modifications and encouraged to adhere to management therapy. The switching in language usage may affect the understanding of those who do not speak the local language and that may explain the reason for lack of hypertension-suited life modification required by health education. Conclusion: It is important that heath education on hypertension should be standardised so that the content of health education in clinic A is similar to that in clinic B. Information contained in pamphlets should be summarised and standardised to the content presented by health promoters

Evaluation of Psychological Factors in Temporomandibular Joint Pain Dysfunction Syndrome: A report of 3 cases and review of the literature

Objective: This study reports the findings from the psychological assessment of temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (TMJPDS) patients and the treatment outcome following a multidisciplinary team management of this condition. Methods: Three patients suffering from TMJPDS were administered the following psychological assessment questionnaires: Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Symptom Distress Checklist ­ 90 (SCL - 90), Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Index of self Esteem (ISE) and Chronic Pain Grade (CPG). The completed questionnaires by the patients were analyzed by a Clinical Psychologist. Case Reports: Case 1 was a 32 years old male. Psychological assessment showed that he manifested high peak position to being anxious and high feeling of tension associated with dental treatment. He also showed an increased pain perception and disability caused by TMJPDS. Case 2 was a 61 years old female. Psychological test showed that despite her high level of trait anxiety, the feeling of tension associated with dental treatment was low. She perceived her abnormal pain and disability caused by the disease to be low. Case 3 was a 39 years old female. Psychological assessment revealed that her predisposition to being anxious was high; however, her anxiety related to dental care was low. She also reported a reduced pain perception and disability caused by the disease condition. Conclusion: This study shows that TMJPDS is often associated with psychological problems, such as anxiety, with or without tension related to dental care, abnormal pain perception and psychological disability. A multidisciplinary team approach including dentists and mental health experts in the management of patients suffering from TMJPDS is recommended

Ultrasonography-Combined with Nerve Stimulator Technique for Injection of the Genitofemoral Nerve in a Patient with Chronic Postoperative Inguinal Pain

Chronic postoperative inguinal pain (CPIP) is a major complication after inguinal herniorrhaphy. We report the treatment of CPIP using ultrasonography-combined with nerve stimulator for injection of the genitofemoral nerve (GFN). A 59-year-old man underwent laparoscopic herniorrhaphy and presented with numbness from the inguinal region to the scrotum after operation. In the pain clinic, ultrasonography-guided GFN block and pharmacological treatments had little effect. Six month after operation, patient was referred to the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and ultrasonography-combined with nerve stimulator for GFN injection underwent to enhance the accuracy of neural approach. The induction of scrotal contraction and paresthesia on the GFN distribution was monitored by nerve stimulator and local anesthetic was injected. After the block, pain relief lasted for 6 months without analgesic use. Ultrasonography-combined with nerve stimulator is an effective approach to treat CPIP as it enhances precise localization and injection of small peripheral nerve like GFN.

Complex regional pain syndrome in the young male population: a retrospective study of 200 Korean young male patients / 대한통증학회지

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in young male patients in South Korea, especially focusing on the association with military service. METHODS: From January 2007 to May 2017, we investigated the electronic medical records of 430 consecutive patients, aged 18 to 30 years, who visited Seoul National University Hospital Pain Center, with a suspected diagnosis of CRPS at the initial visit. The following patient details were available for analysis: demographic and disease-related variables, relevance to military service, medications, and the treatment modalities received. RESULTS: Out of 430 patients, 245 (57.0%) were diagnosed with CRPS, of which, 200 were male patients and 45 were female patients. Of the male patients, 95 (47.5%) developed CRPS during military service. CRPS during military service was more likely to result from sprain/strain, and the incidence of CRPS was significantly higher in the lower extremities in patients from the military service group than in those from the non-military service group. During the follow-up period, 37.9% of male CRPS patients (n = 61/161) were treated successfully. Patients with moderate to severe initial pain intensity, and diagnosed during their military service, showed better outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that manifestation of CRPS in the young Korean population was more common in male and among those male CRPS patients, about half the cases developed during the military service period.

A survey of patients’ perspectives of steroid injection (ppyeojusa) in Korea / 대한통증학회지

BACKGROUND: Steroid injections are commonly used in pain clinics to relieve pain and treat inflammation. In Korea, these steroid injections are well known as ‘ppyeojusa’, which means to inject into the bone in Korean. Some patients often have a negative perception of this treatment method due to inaccurate information about the treatment and side effects of steroids. The purpose of this study is to investigate patients’ perception and knowledge of ppyeojusa. METHODS: A questionnaire about ppyeojusa was completed by patients who visited one of the pain clinics in nine university hospitals, from August 1 to September 10, 2017. RESULTS: Three-hundred seventy-four patients completed the survey. Eighty-five percent of patients had had ppyeojusa, and 74% of the respondents had heard of ppyeojusa from the mass media, friends or relatives. Only 39% of the patients answered that this injection was safe without side effects if properly spaced. Of the patients surveyed, 21% responded that ppyeojusa are “injections into the bone”; while 15% responded that ppyeojusa are “terrible injections that melted ‘the bone if used a lot’”. Half of the patients did not know what the active constituent is in ppyeojusa. If steroid injections are advised by the pain specialists, 89% of the patients would consent. CONCLUSIONS: Most pain clinic patients have heard of ppyeojusa. Most patients obtained information about ppyeojusa from mass media, rather than their physicians. Therefore, it is likely that most patients have inaccurate knowledge.

Práticas de enfermagem ao paciente com dor crônica: revisão integrativa / Prácticas de enfermería para pacientes con dolor crónico: revisión integrativa / Nursing practices in patients with chronic pain: an integrative review

Resumo Objetivo Conhecer os benefícios das práticas de enfermagem aos pacientes com dor acompanhados na clinica de dor. Métodos Revisão integrativa de literatura, sendo utilizado o portal eletrônico SCIELO, e base de dados CINAHL e PubMed Central, com recorte temporal de 2008 a 2018 e período de coleta de dados entre junho e julho de 2018. Como descritores em saúde (DeCs): Pacientes, Dor crônica, Cuidados de Enfermagem, Clínicas de dor; e, o Medical Subject Heading (MeSH): Patients, Chronic pain, Nurse Care, Pain clinic. Resultados Evidenciou-se que a produção analisada é, majoritariamente, sobre práticas de enfermagem não farmacológica a pacientes com dor crônica, com publicações reduzidas no Brasil e tendem a se concentrar nos últimos cinco anos. O paciente com este tipo de agravo, vivencia condições multifatoriais que influenciam diretamente na condição de saúde, e necessitando de acompanhamento integral por equipe interprofissional, com inclusão da rede cuidadora, através intervenções qualificadas e resolutivas, visando adaptação e ou melhora da sua condição de saúde. Conclusão Os estudos indicam benefícios gerados pelas práticas sistematizadas implementadas por enfermeiros, por meio de instrumentos e ferramentas para detecção, intervenção e avaliação, além de apoio clínico.

Resumen Objetivo Conocer en la literatura la producción científica sobre prácticas de enfermería para pacientes con dolor crónico realizada en las clínicas de dolor. Métodos Revisión integrativa de literatura, utilizando el portal SCIELO, y las bases CINAHL y PubMed Central, con recorte temporal de 2008 a 2018 y período de recolección de datos de junio a julio de 2018. Como descriptores de salud (DeCs): Pacientes, Dolor Crónico, Atención de Enfermería, Clínicas de Dolor; y, en Medical Subject Heading (MeSH): Patients, Chronic pain, Nurse Care, Pain clinic. Resultados Se evidenció que la producción analizada se refiere principalmente a prácticas de enfermería no farmacológica a pacientes con dolor crónico, con publicaciones reducidas en Brasil, que tienden a concentrarse en los últimos cinco años. Los pacientes con este tipo de problemas experimentan condiciones multifactoriales que influyen directamente en su estado de salud y necesitan un seguimiento completo por equipo interprofesional, incluyendo la red de atención, mediante intervenciones calificadas y resolutivas, con el objetivo de adaptar y/o mejorar su estado de salud. Conclusión Los estudios indican beneficios generados por las prácticas sistematizadas implementadas por enfermeros, a través de instrumentos y herramientas de detección, intervención y evaluación, además del apoyo clínico. El propósito es mejorar la calidad de vida, la adhesión al tratamiento, manejo del autocuidado y minimización del sufrimiento en pacientes con dolor crónico.

Abstract Objective To know the benefits of nursing practices to patients with pain followed-up in the pain clinic. Methods Integrative literature review, using the electronic portal SCIELO, CINAHL and PubMed Central databases, with time cut from 2008 to 2018 and data collection period between June and July 2018. The Health Science Descriptors (DeCs) and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) were: Patients, Chronic pain, Nurse Care, Pain clinic. Results It was evidenced that the production analyzed is mostly on non-pharmacological nursing practices for patients with chronic pain, with reduced publications in Brazil and tended to focus on the last five years. The patient with this type of injury experiences multifactorial conditions that directly influence the health condition, and requires integral follow-up by interprofessional team, including the care network, through qualified and resolutive interventions, aiming at adaptation and/or improvement of their health condition. Conclusion The studies indicate benefits generated by systematized practices implemented by nurses, through instruments and tools for detection, intervention and evaluation, as well as clinical support.

Evaluación de ansiedad y depresión en pacientes con lumbalgia crónica en la unidad de dolor de un hospital universitario / Evaluation of anxiety and depression in patients with chronic low back pain of a university hospital pain unit

La ansiedad y la depresión son las formas más frecuentes de alteraciones psicológicas que se ven en pacientes con dolor crónico, en general; y lumbalgia crónica, en particular. No existen, en nuestro medio, reportes sobre estos trastornos psicológicos en pacientes con lumbalgia crónica, siendo pocos los estudios en latinoamérica. El objetivo del presente estudio piloto fue evaluar la presencia de ansiedad y depresión en pacientes con lumbalgia crónica, acompañada o no de dolor radicular, que consultaron en el servicio de tratamiento del dolor de nuestro hospital universitario. La escala de ansiedad y depresión Hospitalaria (EADH, versión en español de la hospital anxiety and depression scale, HADS) fue el instrumento utilizado para la valoración de ansiedad y depresión. La muestra fue de 25 pacientes. De éstos, 16 (64 por ciento) presentaron diagnóstico de ansiedad y 7 (28 por ciento) de depresión. La frecuencia de ansiedad en esta muestra fue más alta que la de depresión que, sin contar los casos probables, fue de 28 por ciento. Se registraron 3 casos de diagnóstico probable de ansiedad y 7 de depresión. Los pacientes estudiados presentaban dolor intenso e incapacitante, evaluado por el Inventario abreviado de dolor. Se observó una correlación lineal positiva moderada a débil, pero estadísticamente significativa entre ansiedad y depresión, y la intensidad del dolor medido el Índice de Intensidad. Se encontró una correlación positiva débil, aunque estadísticamente significativa entre ansiedad y depresión y el Índice de Interferencia. En conclusión, en este estudio piloto en pacientes con lumbalgia crónica se detectaron, utilizando la escala de ansiedad y depresión hospitalaria, niveles elevados de ansiedad, con niveles menores de depresión, trastornos que se correlacionan con la intensidad del dolor y la incapacidad derivada de éste de manera moderada a débil. Este es el primer estudio en nuestro medio que evalúa ansiedad y depresión en pacientes con lumbalgia crónica, utilizando la escala de ansiedad y depresión hospitalaria validada en español. Los hallazgos obtenidos exigen un abordaje interdisciplinario de la lumbalgia crónica, que podrá incluir el uso de antidepresivos con acción ansiolítica como la duloxetina.

Anxiety and depression are frequent disorders in patients with chronic pain, in particular in the spine. No studies evaluating these psychological disorders have been performed in our country in chronic low back pain patients, and a few were found in latin America. The goal of the present pilot study was to evaluate the presence of anxiety and depression in chronic back pain patients with or without radicular pain, utilizing the hospital anxiety and depression scale, in the Spanish validated version. 25 patients were chosen of the ambulatory consultation of the chronic pain treatment unit of the university hospital. 16 (64 percent) presented anxiety and 7 depression (28 percent). The probable cases were 3 for anxiety and 7 for depression. All the patients had intense pain and functional impairment, evaluated by the brief pain Inventory instrument. A moderate to weak, statistically significant, positive correlation, were observed between anxiety and depression and pain intensity and interference, measured by the Intensity and interference scores. In conclusion, in the present pilot study in chronic low back pain patients, high levels of anxiety was observed, with lower frequency of depression, utilizing, for first time in our country, the hospital anxiety and depression scale in Spanish. Weak to moderate positive correlations were observed between anxiety and depression and pain intensity and interference in patient daily activities. Under the light of these findings, an interdisciplinary approach of chronic low back pain patients is mandatory, including the use of antidepressants with a tranquilizer profile, as it is duloxetine.

Efectividad de la acupuntura con microsistema de cara como tratamiento de pacientes con cefalea migrañosa / Effectiveness of Acupuncture with a Facial Microsystem as a Treatment for Patients with Migraine Headache

RESUMEN Introducción: La cefalea es uno de los trastornos más comunes del sistema nervioso en todo el mundo, frecuentemente es signo de otras enfermedades. Mientras la medicina occidental trata los síntomas con medicamentos, los médicos alternativos tratan la causa con acupuntura para proporcionar alivio duradero. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la acupuntura con microsistema de cara como tratamiento de pacientes con cefalea migrañosa. Métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental de tipo casos-controles con 100 pacientes que asistieron a la Clínica del Dolor del Hospital "Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo", en Santiago de Cuba, con diagnóstico de cefalea migrañosa, desde enero de 2014 a noviembre de 2015. Al grupo estudio se aplicó acupuntura con microsistema de cara; al grupo control, medicamentos. La información se obtuvo de las historias clínicas, el dolor se valoró con la escala analógica visual del dolor. Se aplicó Ji cuadrado de homogeneidad para la identificar diferencias significativas entre las proporciones de efectividad de uno y otro tratamiento, con un nivel de significación (α;= 0,05). Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino (70,00 por ciento), el grupo etareo 18-39 años, de ellos 40 en el grupo estudio (80,00 por ciento), 43 en el control (86,00 por ciento). En el grupo estudio el 82,00 por ciento de los pacientes quedó sin dolor desde la primera sesión del tratamiento, el 18,00 por ciento con dolor disminuido. Al final del tratamiento el 98,00 por ciento del grupo estudio quedó sin dolor contra el 96,00 por ciento del grupo control. Conclusión: La acupuntura con microsistema de cara es un método alternativo efectivo en el tratamiento de la cefalea migrañosa(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Headache is one of the most common nervous system disorders worldwide. It is frequently a sign of other diseases. While Western medicine treats symptoms with medications, alternative practitioners treat the cause with acupuncture to provide long-lasting relief. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture with a facial microsystem as a treatment for patients with migraine headache. Methods: Quasiexperimental case-control study with 100 patients who attended the Pain Clinic at Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, with a diagnosis of migraine headache, from January 2014 to November 2015. The study group was applied acupuncture with a facial microsystem. The control group was treated with medicines. The information was obtained from the medical records. The pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale. Chi-square test of homogeneity was applied in order to identify significant differences between the proportions of effectiveness of one treatment and another, with a level of significance α =0.05. Results: There was predominance of the female sex (70.00 percent), age group 18-39 years, among them 40 in the study group (80.00 percent) and 43 in the control group (86.00 percent). In the study group, 82.00 percent of patients remained without pain from the first session of treatment and 18.00 percent with pain decreased. At the end of the treatment, 98.00 percent of the study group remained without pain in opposition to 96.00 percent of the control group. Conclusion: Acupuncture with a facial microsystem is an effective alternative method in the treatment of migraine headache(AU)

Neuralgia del trigémino: un caso clínico / Trigeminal neuralgia: a clinical case

Antecedentes:La neuralgia del trigémino (NT) es una enfermedad que se caracteriza por dolor altamente intenso en la región orofacial, unilateral, intermitente, con sensación de descargas eléctricas, brusco al empezar y terminar. Se limita a la distribución de una o más ramas del NT y es provocado por estímulos inocuos. Objetivo: Exponer la dificultad para diagnosticar de manera efectiva la NT, ya que se confunde con dolor aparentemente odontogénico. Material y métodos: Paciente masculino de 73 años que refi ere historia de dolor desde hace dos años en el lugar que ocupaba el órgano dental (OD) 24. De acuerdo con la escala visual análoga (EVA) el dolor muestra una intensidad de entre 3/10 hasta 10/10 puntos, de tipo punzante acompañada de descargas eléctricas con duración de 3 a 5 segundos, de 30 a 50 veces al día. Para aliviar el dolor, el paciente acudió a varios especialistas del área odontológica y médica sin tener cura. Para llegar a un diagnóstico y tratamiento certero se realizó un interrogatorio que incluyó historial médico, historial odontológico, examen clínico, examen radiográfico, tomografía computarizada, resonancia magnética y pruebas de laboratorio. Resultados: Con el apoyo de estas herramientas diagnósticas, se emite el diagnóstico de neuralgia del trigémino tipo 1, comenzando un esquema de tratamiento farmacológico con carbamazepina. En la última cita de control el paciente refiere ausencia completa del dolor. Conclusión: La neuralgia del trigémino se caracteriza por dolor intenso en la región orofacial que frecuentemente se presenta con aparente etiología odontogénica. Es responsabilidad del gremio odontológico tener conocimiento de los síntomas de la enfermedad para proporcionar un diagnóstico certero y evitar tratamientos odontológicos innecesarios e irreversibles (AU)

Background: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a disease that is characterized by a highly intense pain in the orofacial region, unilateral, intermittent with electric shocks, abrupt in onset and termination. It is limited to one or more of the distributions of the TN and is triggered by innocuous stimuli. Objective: To show the diffi culty to eff ectively diagnose TN in which the patient apparently presents with tooth pain. Material and methods: A 73 year-old male patient refers pain in tooth number 24 for two years. The intensity of the pain using the visual analog scale is between 3/10 up to 10/10 stabbing pain accompanied by an electric shock sensation, which lasts 3 to 5 seconds, 30 to 50 times a day. In order to treat the present pain in tooth number 24, the patient has seen various medical and dental specialists without relief. In order to come to the correct diagnosis patient interrogation which includes medial history, dental history, separately a clinical exam, radiographic exam, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging as well as blood laboratory testing. Results: Based on fi ndings of the clinical exam, radiographic examinations a diagnosis of type-1 TN was issued. After a review of the blood laboratory testing the patient was started on a schedule of carbamazepine. In the last follow-up appointment the patient refers a complete reduction of his pain. Conclusion: Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by intense pain in the orofacial region that frequently presents with apparent odontogenic etiology. It is the responsibility of the dental profession to have knowledge of the symptoms of the disease in order to provide an accurate diagnosis and avoid unnecessary and irreversible dental treatments (AU)

Unidades del dolor del siglo xxi. ¿protocolos de consenso o medicina basada en la evidencia? / 21st century pain units. consensus protocols or evidence-based medicine? / Unidades da dor do século xxi. protocolos de consenso ou medicina baseada na evidência?

Resumen La investigación en medicina tiene por objetivo generar nuevos conocimientos que ayuden al diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la prevención de enfermedades. Pero la medicina no es una ciencia exacta, sino una actividad humana heterogénea que se basa solo parcialmente en la ciencia, con varios factores no científicos que influyen en la forma de desarrollar esta actividad. El dolor, como síntoma o como enfermedad, es probablemente el trastorno que más afecta y preocupa a las personas y el que con mayor frecuencia motiva una consulta médica. A pesar de la magnitud del problema, y del interés médico y social por el dolor, la atención y el tratamiento de las personas con dolor crónico es un tema infravalorado o tratado inadecuadamente. Con base en múltiples preguntas que se plantean a lo largo del desarrollo del presente documento, nuestro objetivo es, por un lado, el de señalar que los cambios que se han producido en el manejo del dolor crónico hacen de los llamados protocolos de consenso un ejercicio obsoleto en la medicina del siglo XXI. Por otro lado, en términos de bioética, responder a la pregunta ¿se ajustan los protocolos de consenso al principio de beneficencia del paciente individual?

Abstract Research in medicine is intended to generate new knowledge to help in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. However, medicine is not an exact science; rather, it is a heterogeneous human activity based only partially on science and involves several non-scientific factors that influence the way it is developed. Pain, as a symptom or as a disease, is probably the disorder that most affects and worries people, and is what most often prompts medical consultation. Despite the magnitude of the problem, and the medical and social interest in pain, the care and treatment of persons with chronic pain is an issue that is undervalued or inadequately addressed. Based on variety of questions posed throughout this document, the objective is, on the one hand, to point out that the changes that have occurred in the way chronic pain is managed make the so-called consensus protocols an obsolete exercise in 21st century medicine. On the other hand, in terms of bioethics, the authors answer the question: Do consensus protocols conform to the principle of beneficence for the individual patient?

Resumo A pesquisa em medicina tem por objetivo gerar novos conhecimentos que ajudem no diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção de doenças. Porém, a medicina não é uma ciência exata, mas sim uma atividade humana heterogênea que está apenas parcialmente baseada na ciência, com vários fatores não científicos que influenciam na maneira em que essa atividade é desenvolvida. A dor, como sintoma ou como doença, é provavelmente o transtorno que mais afeta e preocupa as pessoas e o que com maior frequência motiva uma consulta médica. Apesar da magnitude do problema e do interesse médico e social pela dor, o atendimento e o tratamento das pessoas com dor crônica é um tema subestimado ou tratado inadequadamente. Com base em múltiplas perguntas que são levantadas ao longo do desenvolvimento do presente trabalho, nosso objetivo é, por um lado, indicar que as mudanças que ocorreram na abordagem da dor crônica fazem dos chamados "protocolos de consenso" um exercício obsoleto na medicina do século XXI. Por outro lado, em termos de bioética, buscamos responder à pergunta: os protocolos de consenso se ajustam aos princípios de beneficência do paciente individual?

Unintentional lumbar facet joint injection guided by fluoroscopy during interlaminar epidural steroid injection: a retrospective analysis

BACKGROUND: An epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a commonly administered procedure in pain clinics. An unintentional lumbar facet joint injection during interlaminar ESI was reported in a previous study, but there has not been much research on the characteristics of an unintentional lumbar facet joint injection. This study illustrated the imaging features of an unintentional lumbar facet joint injection during an interlaminar ESI and analyzed characteristics of patients who underwent this injection. METHODS: From December 2015 to May 2017, we performed 662 lumbar ESIs and we identified 24 cases (21 patients) that underwent a lumbar facet joint injection. We gathered data contrast pattern, needle approach levels and directions, injected facet joint levels and directions, presence of lumbar spine disease as seen on magnetic resonance images (MRI), and histories of lumbar spine surgeries. RESULTS: The contrast pattern in the facet joint has a sigmoid or ovoid contrast pattern confined to the vicinity of the facet joint. The incidence of unintentional lumbar facet joint injection was 3.6%. The mean age was 68.47 years. Among these 21 patients, 14 (66.7%) were injected in the facet joint ipsilaterally to the needle approach. Among the 20 patients who received MRI, all (100%) had central stenosis and 15 patients (75%) had severe stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: When the operator performs an interlaminar ESI on patients with central spinal stenosis, the contrast pattern on the fluoroscopy during interlaminar ESI should be carefully examined to distinguish between the epidural space and facet joint.

Prevalence of unrecognized depression in patients with chronic pain without a history of psychiatric diseases

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of unrecognized depression in patients with chronic pain, but with no history of psychiatric diseases. METHODS: Patients with chronic pain who did not have a history of psychiatric disease were selected for this study. The Beck Depression Index (BDI) was used to evaluate depression. Participants' socio-demographic characteristics and pain-related characteristics were also recorded. RESULTS: The study included 94 consecutive patients with chronic pain (28 men and 66 women). Based on the BDI scores, 33/94 (35.1%) patients with chronic pain had comorbid depression. The prevalence of depression was significantly higher in our cohort than it was in the general population (P < 0.001). The standardized incidence ratio, adjusted for age and sex, was 2.77 in men and 2.60 in women. Patients who were unmarried (odds ratio [OR] = 3.714, P = 0.044), and who had subjective sleep disturbance (OR = 8.885, P < 0.001), were more likely to have moderate to severe depression. Patients with high education levels (OR = 0.244, P = 0.016), and who were economically active (OR = 0.284, P = 0.023), were less likely to have moderate to severe depression. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that unrecognized depression in patients with chronic pain is common. Therefore, pain physicians should actively seek to identify these problems rather than relying on the patient to volunteer such information.

Disseminated herpes zoster involving bladder and severe inappropriate antidiuretic hormone in a immunocompetent elderly patient: A case report

Disseminated herpes zoster commonly occurs in patients with decreased immunity, but rarely in patients without any evidence of immunosuppression. We reported a case of disseminated herpes zoster with visceral organ involvement in a non-immunocompromised patient. An 83-year-old man visited our pain center, with chief complaints of painful rashes on the L3–L4 and S2–S4 due to acute herpes zoster. Even though intravenous antiviral therapy was initiated immediately upon hospitalization, his lesion deteriorated and systemic cluster formed. Urinary retention and hyponatremia occurred, and he was diagnosed with zoster cystitis and severe inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndrome. Conservative treatment, including Foley catheter insertion and correction of hyponatremia with antiviral therapy, was initiated, and he was discharged without any complications at the 33rd day of hospitalization. Old age can be a risk factor of disseminated herpes zoster, and visceral organ involvement should also be considered.

Characteristics of Korean Patients with Polymyalgia Rheumatica: a Single Locomotive Pain Clinic Cohort Study

BACKGROUND: Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a common systemic inflammatory disease of the elderly; however, the clinical characteristics and therapeutic response of PMR in Korea have been rarely studied. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 54 Korean patients diagnosed with PMR between January 2009 and February 2017 in a locomotive pain clinic of one tertiary referral hospital. We analyzed epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, therapeutic responses, and prognostic factors for remission-failure at one-year after oral prednisolone treatment. RESULTS: In 54 patients with PMR, 32 (59.3%) were female. The average age at diagnosis was 65.0 ± 10.5 years. Duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 8.1 ± 8.6 months. All patients had shoulder pain (54 patients, 100.0%); 49 patients (90.7%) had hip girdle pain, while 19 patients (35.2%) had peripheral joint pain. Four patients (7.4%) were accompanied by the giant cell arteritis (GCA). There was no seasonal preference for symptom development. Only 19 patients were diagnosed with PMR at initial symptom presentation. At one-year follow-up after oral prednisolone treatment, the remission rate was 35.3% (12/34). Multivariate analysis showed that history of relapse (odds ratio, 6.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.035–44.804) was a significant predictor of remission-failure. CONCLUSION: The rate of remission (35.3%) after oral prednisolone treatment was similar to previous reports in western countries; and GCA is not a rare condition in Korean PMR patients. Misdiagnosis of PMR is common, and heightened consideration for PMR is needed in elderly patients who present inflammatory features of bilateral shoulder pain.

The Effect of Stellate Ganglion Block on Breast Cancer-Related Infectious Lymphedema / 한국호스피스완화의료학회지

Breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) is one of the most intractable complications after surgery. Patients suffer from physical impairment, as well as psychological depression. Moreover, a recent study revealed that cellulitis significantly increased the risk of BCRL, and cellulitis has been suggested as a risk factor of BCRL development. We describe a patient treated with stellate ganglion blocks (SGBs) without steroid for relief of symptoms and reduction of the arm circumference of breast cancer-related infectious lymphedema in a month. We measured the arm circumference at four locations; 10 cm and 5 cm above and below the elbow crease, numeric rating scale (NRS) score, lymphedema and breast cancer questionnaire (LBCQ) score on every visit to the pain clinic. A serial decrease of the arm circumference and pain score were observed after second injection. In the middle of the process, cellulitis recurred, we performed successive SGBs to treat infectious lymphedema. The patient was satisfied with the relieved pain and swelling, especially with improved shoulder range of motion as it contributes to better quality of life. This case describes the effects of SGB for infectious BCRL patients. SGB could be an alternative or ancillary treatment for infectious BCRL patients.

Effectiveness of an interdisciplinary program in patients with failed back surgery syndrome / Eficácia de um programa interdisciplinar em pacientes com síndrome pós-laminectomia / Eficacia de un programa interdisciplinario en pacientes con síndrome postlaminectomía

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the results of an interdisciplinary program administered to patients with failed back surgery syndrome, aiming at functional improvement, modulation of pain, reduction of anxiety symptoms and depression, and improvement of quality of life. Method: This is a non-randomized prospective study with a sample of patients with failed back surgery pain syndrome diagnosed with persistent or recurrent pain after surgery to the lumbar spine (laminectomy and arthrodesis) referred to liaison in the Pain Clinic (n= 26). The instruments used were Brief Pain Inventory, Roland-Morris Questionnaire and Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories. The generic WHOQOL-bref13 questionnaire was used to evaluate the quality of life and the fear of moving was assessed by the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. Results: There was a predominance of females, the mean age was 42.3 ± 5.8 years, 43% were married and average schooling was 7 ± 4.5 years. The mean time of pain reported was 8 ± 6.8 months in addition to high levels of anxiety, depression and kinesiophobia. After the intervention, there was a significant improvement in the perception of quality of life and of all parameters evaluated (p<0.05), with functional gains as well as decreased pain threshold. Conclusion: The interdisciplinary intervention in patients with failed back surgery syndrome provides better functional performance, decreases the intensity of pain, anxiety and depression symptoms, and improves quality of life. The inclusion of this intervention associated with drug therapy may the patient develop an active and independent lifestyle.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados de um programa interdisciplinar aplicado a pacientes com síndrome pós-laminectomia, visando melhora funcional, modulação da dor, redução de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e aumento da qualidade de vida. Método: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo não randomizado, com amostra constituída por um grupo de pacientes com síndrome dolorosa pós-laminectomia diagnosticados com dor persistente ou recorrente após cirurgias da coluna lombar (laminectomia e artrodese) encaminhados para interconsultas na Clínica da Dor (n= 26). Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Inventário Breve de Dor, Questionário Roland-Morris e Inventários Beck de ansiedade e depressão. Para avaliar a qualidade de vida, foi utilizado Questionário Genérico Whoqol-bref13 e o medo de se movimentar foi avaliado pela Escala Tampa para Cinesiofobia. Resultados: Houve predomínio de mulheres, a média de idade foi 42,3 ± 5,8 anos, 43% eram casados e a média de escolaridade foi de 7 ± 4,5 anos. O tempo médio de dor relatado foi de 8 ± 6,8 meses, além de níveis altos de ansiedade, depressão e cinesiofobia. Após a intervenção houve melhora significativa na percepção da qualidade de vida e de todos os parâmetros avaliados (p < 0,05) observando-se ganhos funcionais, assim como a diminuição do limiar de dor. Conclusão: A intervenção interdisciplinar nos pacientes com síndrome pós-laminectomia proporciona melhor desempenho funcional, diminui a intensidade da dor, os sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, melhorando a qualidade de vida. A inclusão desta intervenção associada ao tratamento farmacológico pode desenvolver um estilo de vida ativo e independente.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de un programa interdisciplinario subministrado a pacientes con síndrome postlaminectomía que busca la mejora funcional, la modulación del dolor, la reducción de los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión y calidad de vida. Método: Se trata de un estudio prospectivo no aleatorio de una muestra compuesta por un grupo de pacientes con síndrome doloroso postlaminectomía diagnosticados con dolor persistente o recurrente después de la cirugía de la columna lumbar (laminectomía y fusión) referidos a interconsultas en la Clínica del Dolor (n= 26). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: Cuestionario breve del dolor, Cuestionario Roland-Morris e inventarios de ansiedad y depresión de Beck. Para evaluar la calidad de vida se utilizó el cuestionario genérico WHOQOL-BREF13 y el miedo de moverse fue evaluado por la Escala de Tampa de Kinesiofobia. Resultados: Hubo un predominio de mujeres, la edad promedio fue de 42,3 ± 5,8 años, 43% eran casados y la educación promedio fue de 7 ± 4,5 años. Se reportó una duración promedio del dolor de 8 ± 6,8 meses, además de altos niveles de ansiedad, depresión y kinesiofobia. Después de la intervención se observó una mejoría significativa en la percepción de la calidad de vida y de todos los parámetros (p < 0,05), siguiendo las ganancias funcionales, así como la disminución del umbral del dolor. Conclusión: La intervención interdisciplinaria en pacientes con síndrome postlaminectomía mejora la funcionalidad, disminuye la intensidad del dolor, los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión y mejora la calidad de vida. La inclusión de esta intervención asociada con el tratamiento farmacológico puede proporcionar una vida activa e independiente.

Illness perception of patients with chronic pain: An internal validation of the subscales of the Filipino version of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) in a sample of adult patients with chronic pain presenting for pain management at the Philippine General Hospital (PGH)

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine the internal validity of the different subscales of the Filipino version of Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) among patients with chronic pain.METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving chronic pain outpatients at the Philippine General Hospital Pain Clinic and inpatients admitted between September 2016 to November 2016 was done. Data were obtained through self-administered Filipino version of the IPQ-R. Internal structure of the questionnaire was analyzed using Cronbach's alpha coefficients and confirmatory factor analysis.RESULTS: A total of 143 patients with chronic pain participated; mean age was 54.9 years. The consistencies of the Filipino version of IPQ-R dimensions for consequence, illness coherence, timeline (cyclical), and emotional representation were within conventional limits with small variations from the original English IPQ-R. However, timeline (acute/chronic), personal control,and treatment control scales failed to reach consistency. By excluding seven items nevertheless, there was noted improvement in the Cronbach's alpha of the corresponding scales.CONCLUSION:The inter-factor correlations of the Filipino version were relatively similar to those reported in the original English IPQ-R. The modified questionnaire showed good validity and could be a valuable instrument in the assessment of illness perceptions in the Filipino health care setting.